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GOVERNMENT |
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STATE PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL
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In order to establish a discipline-
flourishing democratic system and to materialize a peaceful,
modern and developed nation in the interests of the State and
the people, it has become necessary to exert vigorous efforts
with accelerated momentum. Accordingly, the State Peace and
Development Council was formed as called for by the situation
and condition. |
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The State Law and Order Restoration
Council issued its Proclamation No. 1/ 97 on 15 November 1997.
Under the Proclamation, the State Law and Order Restoration
Council was dissolved. The State Peace and Development Council
was formed under its proclamation No.1/97. |
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The State Peace and Development Council is
presently constituted as follows: |
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| 1. |
Senior General Than Shwe |
Chairman |
| 2. |
General Maung Aye |
Vice-Chairman |
| 3. |
Lt-General Khin Nyunt |
Secretary -1 |
| 4. |
Maj-Gen Thura Shwe Mann
Ministry of Defence |
Member |
| 5. |
Maj-Gen Soe Win
Ministry of Defence
|
Member |
| 6. |
Maj-Gen Ye Myint
Ministry of Defence
|
Member |
| 7. |
Maj-Gen Aung Htwe
Ministry of Defence
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Member |
| 8. |
Maj-Gen Khin Maung Than
Ministry of Defence
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Member |
| 9. |
Maj-Gen Maung Bo
Ministry of Defence
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Member |
| 10. |
Maj-Gen Thein Sein
Ministry of Defence
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Member |
| 11. |
Maj-Gen Thiha Thura Tin Aung Myin Oo
Ministry of Defence
|
Member |
| 12. |
Maj-Gen Kyaw Win
Ministry of Defence
|
Member |
| 13. |
Maj-Gen Tin Aye
Ministry of Defence
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Member |
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The State Peace and Development Council, with a
view to building a new modern developed nation in the interests
of the State and the people, reorganized the Government on 15
November 1997. The new Government consists of 40 members - a
Prime Minister, three Deputy Prime Ministers and 37 Ministers. |
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MINISTRIES OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR
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- Ministry of Defence
- Ministry of Military Affairs
- Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
- Ministry of Industry - 1
- Ministry of Industry - 2
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development
- Ministry of Transport
- Ministry of Labour
- Ministry of Education
- Ministry of Energy
- Ministry of Rail Transportation
- Ministry of Health
- Ministry of Commerce
- Ministry of Hotels and Tourism
- Ministry of Finance and Revenue
- Ministry of Communications, Posts and Telegraphs
- Ministry of Religious Affair
- Ministry of Construction
- Ministry of Science and Technology
- Ministry of Culture
- Ministry of Immigration and Population
- Ministry of Information
- Ministry of Cooperatives
- Ministry for Progress of Border Areas and National Races and Development Affairs
- Ministry of Electric Power
- Ministry of Sports
- Ministry of Forestry
- Ministry of Home Affairs
- Ministry of Mines
- Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries
- Office of Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council
- Office of the Prime
Minister
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SUPREME COURT
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The State Peace and Development Council has
conferred judicial powers upon the judges, who are Government
service personnel by promulgating the Judiciary Law, with the
aim to maintain the stability of the State, community peace and
tranquillity, prevalence of law and order and thus, the judicial
system which is beneficial to the public interest has been
adopted.
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The courts at different levels in the
Union of Myanmar are adjudicating cases according to the seven
Judicial Principles. |
- Administering justice independently according to law;
- Protecting and safeguarding the interests of the people and aiding in the restoration of
- law and order and peace and tranquillity;
- Educating the people to understand and abide by the law and cultivating in the people the
- habit of abiding by the law;
- Working within the framework of law for settlement of cases;
- Dispensing justice in open court unless otherwise prohibited by law;
- Guaranteeing in all cases the right of defense and the right of appeal under the law;
- Aiming at reforming
moral character in meting out punishment to
offenders.
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The Supreme Court has provided
the maxims "Dispense justice fairly and speedily," "Follow the
procedures", "Be free from bribery and corruption", and
"Maintain
the integrity of court with probity". |
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Under the Judiciary Law, the Supreme
Court, State and Divisional Courts including District Courts and
Township Courts are established in the Union of Myanmar. |
The State Peace and Development Council
enacted the Attorney-General Law and
appointed the Attorney-General and Deputy Attorney-General to be
in conformity with the system that has evolved. The former
Central Law Office has been reorganized as office of the
Attorney-General. Under the supervision of the Attorney General,
14 States and Divisional Law Offices, two Shan State
(Northern/Eastern) Law Offices, 64 District Law Offices, 321
Township Law Offices were formed at different levels, and
functions and duties pertaining to law are being carried out. |
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The Office of the Attorney-General has
been constituted with four departments - the Law Drafting and
Law Translation Department, Legal Opinion Department,
Prosecution Department and Administration Department. |
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OFFICE OF THE AUDITOR-GENERAL
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After promulgation of the
Auditor-General Law on 28 September 1988, the Auditor-General
and the Deputy Auditor-General were appointed accordingly.. The
Office of the Auditor-General, 14 State / Division Accounts
Offices, 59 number of District Accounts Offices and 290 number
of Township Accounts offices are established under the
Auditor-General in exercise of power conferred upon him in the
law. |
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The head office of OAG and its regional
accounts offices at different levels in accord with the duties
assigned to them under the provisions of Article 3 of the
Auditor-General Law drawn quarterly audit plans and carried out
audit of the Ministries, State Economic Enterprises and
departments and submitting reports thereon to the authorities
concerned. |
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THE CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF CIVIL SERVICES
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The Central Institute of Civil Services
is established to train and nurture the three skills -physical,
mental and character- of service personnel. |
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The Institute is near Phaunggyi Village in
Hlegu Township, Yangon Division. The Ministry of Home Affairs
opened the Institute under its original name "The Central School
of Public Services" on January 1, 1965. In accordance with the
1977 Public Services Selection and Training Board's Law, the
school was promoted to the standard of "The Central Institute of
Civil Services" and placed it under supervision of Public
Services Selection and Training Board and direct control of the
Council of State on May, 1977. |
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The Institute is continuously training
service personnel , according to its motto "Ideology, Duty and
Loyalty." |
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By conducting various kinds of training
courses, the Institute keeps one's character-to understand each
subject of the State. |
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Objectives |
- to give basic training courses to administrative and technical personnel,
- to conduct refresher courses for central-level personnel,
- to hold coordination meetings and seminars on management for Central and Regional
Administrative Bodies and higher-level personnel of management,
- to carry out research in
training the service personnel responsible for
management.
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The Institute is conducting various kinds of following training
courses to implement its objectives: |
- Basic training courses
- Basic training courses for junior service personnel
- Clerical (supervisory) training courses
- Basic clerical training courses
- Training course for new members of People's Police Force
- Special refresher course for police sergeants
- Training course for police sub-inspectors (Sergeants)
- Basic training course for People's Police Force
- Management training course Grade (1) for personnel of General Administration Department
- Special training course for faculty of Universities and Colleges
- Special training course for Personnel of townships to states.
- Special training course for doctors
- Special training course for Basic Education Teachers
- Special training course for police officers
- Special training course for staff officers of General Administration Department
- Special training course for executives of Red Cross
- Special training course
for officers of Development Affairs Department
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The training courses are conducted by
political, economic, social, public affairs
management, Law and military science departments of the
Institute. |
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The Central Institute of Civil Services
(Upper Myanmar) was opened on 7 February 1999, at Zeebin
Village, Pyin-Oo-Lwin Township in Mandalay Division. |
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MULTI-PARTY DEMOCRACY GENERAL ELECTION COMMIS
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The Burma Socialist Programme Party, in
response to the demand for Multiparty
democracy system, summoned the emergency session of the Fourth
Pyithu Hluttaw on 11 September 1988. |
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At this session, the Multi-party
Democray General Election Commission was formed as a special
case to hold Multi-party Democracy General Election. The State
Law and Order Restoration Council (now the State Peace and
Development Council) announced under its Proclamation No. 1/88
that the Multi-party Democracy Gneral Election Commission will
continue to take effect. |
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The Multi-party Democray General
Election Commission was formed with U Ba Htay,retired
Commissioner of Treasury (deceased), as Chairman and U Kyaw
Nyunt, retired Myanmar Ambassador to Canada, U San Mating,
retired Commissioner of Savings and Insurance, U Saw Kyar Doe,
retired Brigadier-General (deceased), and Saya Chai, former
member of parliament and Hluttaw representative (deceased) as
members. The Director-General of the Commission Office was
appointed as Secretary of the Commission. |
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The State Law and Order Restoration
Council (now the State Peace and Development Council) sincerely
wishes to bring about Multi-party Democracy System as soon as
possible. It has no desire for power, although it had to take
over the State duties under unavoidable circumstances. There is
no limitation, restriction or repression whatsoever. It has
already stated that it is ready to provide assistance to the
most possible extent whenever the Commission is in need of help. |
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Accordingly, the Commission Law, Political
Parties Registration Law and Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law were
enacted to hold Multi-party Democracy General Election
successfully. |
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The Commission, in accord with the
Laws, made Political Parties Registration By-law and Pyithu
Hluttaw Election By-law and carried out its tasks accordingly. |
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According to the Laws and by-laws, 235
parties registered with the Commission to take part in the
election. |
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Thus, free and fair Multi-party Democracy
General Election was successfully held on 27 May 1990. |
After holding the Milti-party Democracy
General Election, the Commission has been
discharging its duties concerning election in accordance with
the provisions of the Election Law and By-laws. |
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NATIONAL CONVENTION
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The National Convention was held on 9
January 1993 to draft an enduring State Constitution needed for
the country. In order to convene the National Convention, the
State Law and Order Restoration Council formed the National
Convention Convening Commission under its Notification No. 13/
92 issued on 2 October 1992. |
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To enable the Commission to discharge
its assigned duties effectively, the 28member National
Convention Convening Work Committee and the 37-member National
Convention Convening Management Committee were formed. |
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Eight categories of delegates were designated
to attend the National Convention which was held with six
objectives. They are : |
- Non - disintegration of the Union,
- Non - disintegration of national unity,
- Perpetuation of national sovereignty,
- Establishment and flourishing of genuine multi - party democracy system,
- Promotion of secular virtues such as justice, freedom and equality,
- Participation by the
Tatmadaw in the leading role of national
politics of the future State.
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The National Convention Convening Commission,
according to the Procedural rules, chose members of the Panel of
Chairmen and assigned duties to hold panel discussions of
delegate groups and plenary meetings in an orderly and
systematic manner. |
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The eight categories of delegates attending the National
Convention are: - |
- Delegates from political parties
- Representatives elect
- Delegates of national races
- Peasant delegates
- Worker delegates
- Delegates of intellectuals and intelligentsia
- State employee delegates
- Other invited delegates.
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Discussions on basic principles to draft a
State Constitution were to be based on true situation of
Myanmar, natural conditions, historical background, political,
economic and social conditions and cultural traditions and
customs. |
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Discussions were first held on chapter
headings so as to arrive at specific chapter headings after
thorough deliberations. After arriving at the chapter headings,
discussions were to focus on basic principles for each of the
chapters. |
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The basic principles discussed and
suggested by the delegates and a review and assessment of the
panel of chairmen were submitted to the National Covention
Covening Commission which approved the basic principles. The
approval was presented and explained at the Plenary Meeting. |
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Fifteen chapter headings and 104 basic
principles have already been laid down. Discussions on
legislation, administration and judicature are under way. |
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TRADITION OF TATMADAW
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During Independence Struggles in
Myanmar, national races fought against colonialists with
whatever arms they could get and political organizations made
demands for national well-being and opposed the colonialists in
various ways. Myanmar political leaders, however, knew that it
would not be possible to regain independence without armed
resistance. They accordingly made secret plans to organize an
army. |
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World War II broke out on 3 September
1939. The Thirty Comrades led by Bogyoke Aung San secretly left
for Hainan Island in Southern China to undergo military
training. They underwent tough and intensive military training. |
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When Japan entered World War II, the Thirty
Comrades together with Japanese troops arrived in Bangkok,
Thailand, where they formed the Burma Independence Army (BIA)
between 26 December 1941 and 2 January 1942. BIA was initially
formed with 200 men and marched into Myanmar. BIA grew in
strength--up to 23,000 to 50,000 men in a matter of days and
weeks and the Japanese were discontent with the increase. Out of
fear the Japanese disbanded the BIA on 27 July 1942 and formed
Burma Defence Army (BDA) with 3000 men. Although it was under
the Japanese, BDA was well-qualified due to systematic formation
and training. |
On 1 August 1943, the Japanese granted
independence that was artificial and unreal. At the Defence
Council meeting, BDA was renamed the Burma National Army (BNA)
on 15 September 1943. The Tatmadaw, together with the people,
launched the anti-fascist resistance on 27 March 1945. Since
then, the Tatmadaw has become inseparably one with the people.
Representing the interests of the State and the people, the
Tatmadaw brought about national characteristics. Thus,
the British colonialists were compelled to officially recognize
the Tatmadaw as Patriotic Burma Force (PBF). After independence,
the Resistance Day was designated as the Armed Forces Day on
which military parade is held every year. |
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When the British colonialists returned
to Myanmar they were unwilling to recognize the Tatmadaw as a
national army representing the State and the People. They tried
to disband the PBF and to replace it with Burma Army. But the
Anti-fascist People's Freedom League led by Bogyoke Aung San
rejected the idea and the colonialists had to withdraw and
cancel their scheme to disband the PBF and to admit individually
qualified ones into Burma Army they were to form. Under the
Kandi Agreement signed in Kandi, now Sri Lanka, on 6 September
1945, 5200 other ranks, 200 officers and 200 reserve officers of
Patriotic Burma Force were allowed to join Burma Army which
included national units the colonialists had formed before the
war. |
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The Tatmadaw not only launched the
anti-fascist resistance but also played a pivotal role together
with the people in anti-colonialist campaign and wrest back
independence. In addition to its national defence duty, the
Tatmadaw played a leading role as called for by history in
1948-49, the worst year of internal insurgency, and in
preventing the external invasion that started in 1950. |
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When the national unity and the Union
were on the brink of disintegration and national sovereignty was
in danger, the Tatmadaw had to take over State power unavoidably
on 2 March 1962. |
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In August 1988, there was political
unrest that caused a dire situation. Anarchy reigned and
violence was rife. When the Union was on the verge of
disintegration, the Tatmadaw had to step in again. |
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The Tatmadaw formed the State Law and
Order Restoration Council and took over State power. The
Tatmadaw has continued conscientiously to shoulder State duties
as the State Peace and Development Council. As a result of
Tatmadaw's endeavours aimed at national reconsolidation, armed
groups have returned to the legal fold. |
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Tatmadaw's history, which is concomitant with
the Modern History of Myanmar, is full of significant qualities
and characteristics. The Tatmadaw with good tradition possesses
the Three Capabilities - military capability, organizational
capability and administrative capability. The Tatmadaw,
upholding the Four-Point oath of allegiance abiding by the code
of conduct and disciplinary rules and having high morale and
nobility, has since its inception carried out national and
historical responsibilities dutifully and conscientiously. It is
still discharging the duties selflessly with valour and will do
so with determination in the future. Exceptionally vital leading
role played by the Tatmadaw during the Independence Struggle and
in national politics has already been witnessed. |
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Accordingly, the on-going National Convention
is pondering the points to be included in drafting an enduring
State Constitution which will enable the Tatmadaw to play a
leading role in national politics of the future State and
participate in defence and security sectors and other national
affairs. |
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TITLES AND MEDALS
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The State Peace and Development Council
confers titles and medals yearly on Sayadaws who are making
efforts for purification, perpetuation and propagation of Buddha
Sasana, Gandaduta Pariyatti Lecturer Sayadaws, Wipassanadura
Patipatti Meditation Instructor Sayadaws, Roving Dhamma Kahtika
and local and foreign missionaries, lay persons who are donating
four requisites to the Buddha Sasana, Tatmadaw members who
valiantly carried out their duties for independence,
perpetuation of sovereignty and protecting life and safety of
nationals, persons making outstanding performances in
development of industrial, management, social sectors and civil
affairs and members of Myanmar Police Force. |
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The medals include religious titles,
Medals of Honour, Good Military Service medals, Good Civil
Service medals, Good Police Service medals, Medals of Honour for
Police Force, Civil Service Medals, Rule of Law and Order Medals
and Joint Combat Medals for Police Force. |
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A list of Abidaja Maha Ratta Guru title, Agga
Maha Pandita title, and religious title recipient Sayadaws,
nuns, local and foreign missionaries, donors of four requisites
to the Sasana, name of recipients of titles and medals of honour,
recipients of military good services medals, recipients of good
service personnel medals, Good services in Police Force Medals,
Long Service in Police Force Medals, Civil Services Medals, Rule
of Law and Order Medals and Joint Combat Police Force Medals are
announced yearly on January 4, the Independence Day. |
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The Government confers following titles and medals of honour. |
- Abidaja Maha Ratta Guru Title,
- Agga Maha Pandita,
- Agga Maha Gandavasaka Pandita (Sayadaws/ Nuns)
- Maha Dhamma Kahtika Bahuzanahita Data,
- Agga Maha Dhammar Htanarcariya,
- Maha Kamma Htanarcariya,
- Cula Kamma Htanarcariya,
- Abidaza Agga Maha Thatdahamma Zawtika,
- Agga Maha Thatdhamma Zawtika,
- Maha Thadhammma Zawtika (Sayadaws/ Nuns/ Lay persons)
- Thatdhamma Zawtika Daja (Sayadaws/ Nuns/ Lay persons)
- Agga Maha Thiri Thudhamma Mani Zawta Dara,
- Thiri Thudhamma Manizawta Daja,
- Thiha Thudhamma Manizawta Daja,
- Thudhamma Manizawta Daja,
- Agga Maha Thiri Thudhamma Theingi,
- Thiha Thudhamma Theingi,
- Theingi,
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Military titles and medals of honour |
- Aung San Thuriya,
- Thiha Thura,
- Thura,
- Dagun
- Zarni
- Pyidaungzu Zarni
- Title for Valour
- Aung San
- Thiha Bala
- Independence Medal
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Independence Organizational Medal |
- Ayaydawbon Medal
- Pyithu Thargaung
- Military Services Medal
- Pyipa Yanhnein
- People's Militia Combat Medal
- State Peace and Development Medal
- Mongyoung - Methawaw Battle Medal
- Military Service Honorary Medal
- Medal for Development of the State
- Combat Medal (1962 - 74) (1974 - 88) (1988 - 90)
- Combat Medal (Mela) (Hpa - lu)
- Military Service Medal
- Medal of Military Good Services
- Golden Jubilee Medal
- Yan Nyein Aye Medal
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Medals for Outstanding Performances |
- Medal for Outstanding Performances in Industrial Field (First,Second and Third Class)
- Medal for Outstanding Performances in Management Field (First,Second and Third Class)
- Ye Thura Medal
- Ye Kyawthu Medal
- Good Service Personnel Medals
- Police Good Service Personnel Medal
- State Police Force Medal
- Service Personnel Medal
- Rule of Law and Order Medal
- Joint Operation Medal for Police Force
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DEVELOPMENT OF BORDER AREAS AND NATIONAL RACES
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Central Committee for Development of Border
Areas and National Races was formed on 25 May, 1989 to carry out
development programmes for national brethren who are living in
border areas which were lagged behind due to various
insurgencies. Central Committe for Development of Border Areas
and National Races was formed with 9 members including the
Chairman. The Chairman of the Central Committee for Development
of Border Areas and National Races is Senior General Than Shwe. |
Then, the work committee for Development of
Border Areas and National Races was
formed on 31 May, 1989. Lt-General Khin Nyunt as Chariman.
Moreover, 18 Sub-committees for Development of Border areas and
National Races were formed with forty members of ministers,
Deputy Ministers and Heads of Departments. Afterwards, the
Ministry of Border Areas and National Races was formed on 24
September 1992 to be able to implement development projects for
Border Areas and National Races harmoniously with the
co-operation of the Work Committee, Subcommittee and Regional
Committee in accordance with the guidance of Central Committee. |
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The Ministry of Development for Border
Areas and National Races was reformed as the Ministry of
Development and Progress for Border Areas and National Races on
30 January 1994 to implement rural and urban development
programmes more extensively. |
Committee of Co-ordination with UN Agencies
and International Organizations for
Development of Border Areas was established on 25 April 1991 in
order to support work programmes for the development of Border
Areas and National Races. The tasks to be carried out by the
committee are as follows: |
- To submit the condition of receiving cash and kind from international organizations and other foreign countries for development programmes of Border Areas and national races to the Implementation Committee for Development of Border Areas and National Races,
- To request aid and support from the International Organizations and other supporting foreign countries for the implementation programmes for development of border Areas in accordance with the guidance of the Work Com
mittee,
- To carry out as a middle-men in dealing with other international organizations and
foreign countries,
- To co-ordinate with Government Departments, Directorates and Governmentowned organizations which are carrying out for development of border areas and matters
concerning with obtaining foreign aid,
- To issue news and information pertaining to progress and condition of implementation programmes especially to foreign countries and international organizations.
- To undertake duties
assigned by the Implementation Committee for
Development of Border Areas and National Races.
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Since the State has been implementing
development programmes with impetus by adopting plans and
projects with true and sincere cetana for the brethren who are
residing in the border areas, the armed group, realizing the
true cetana and attitude of the government, returned to the
legal fold and joined hands with the government to implement
regional development programmes. |
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Development programmes were especially
carried out in the regions of Kachin Special Region (1), Kachin
Special Region (2), Ko Kang Region, Wa Region, Shan State,
Northeast Kachin State, Palaung, Eastern Kengtung, Homein,
Monghtaw, Monghtal, Mawpha, Pa-O, Kayah State, Rakhine State,
Chin State, Sagaing (Naga), Kabaw Valley Region, Kayin State,
Taninthayi Division and Mon State. |
|
Progress of paving roads completed until
September 2001 were 3432/1 miles of earth road, 1550/3 miles of
stone road and 315/5 miles of asphalt road. In transportation
sector, small and large bridges and suspension bridges were
built. Altogether 64 bridges, 792 small bridges and 16
suspension bridges were built. |
|
In Health Sector, hospitals,
dispensaries and health care centres were opened. Altogether 46
hospitals, 74 clinics and 18 Rural health care centres had been
opened. For the development of education sector, altogether 366
Primary Schools, 48 Middle Schools and 19 High Schools had been
opened. In agriculture sector, 31 agricultural offices and 113
agriculture centres were opened, 39 dams were under
construction, 40 dams were built and 3 dams were being measured. |
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In those border areas, communication works
such as post offices, radio telephone, longdistance call line,
telegram, satellite communication centres were installed. A
total of 53 post offices, 45 radio telephones, 442 miles
distance call line, 45 telegram offices and 11 satellite
communication centres were built. Total amount of 21883.81
million kyats was spent by the government for the development of
border areas and national races during 1998-1999 to 19992000
fiscal year. |
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UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL RACES
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Institute of Development for National
Races was opened in Sagaing on 20 October 1964 in line with the
policies of Revolutionary Council. Later, it was moved to
Ywathitgyi Village, Sagaing Township on 14 August 1968. Since
the opening of the Institute until 1975, it was solely under the
guidance of the Ministry of Education. But it became under the
guidance and supervision of Burma socialist Programme Party and
Government authorities from 15 August 1975 to 1988. |
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At the time of the State Law and Order
Restoration Council, programmes of supervision have been
transferred to the Civil Service Selection and Training Board
since 1 November 1988 and then 10-member Work Committee led by
the Chairman of the Civil Service Selection and Training Board
was formed. Furthermore, Close Supervisory Committee was formed
with the Commander of the Northwest Command as Chairman. |
|
The State Law and Order Restoration
Council (now, the State Peace and Development Council) gave
guidance to promote the Institute to University level to be able
to provide effective support for the implementation of Border
Area Development programmes. Afterwards, Act of University for
Development of National Races was promulgated on 10 May 1991
with the Law No.9/91. Then University Council for the
Development of the National Races was formed under Notification
No.2/ 91. Later, Notification No. 3/91 was issued. Under this
Notification, Civil Services Selection and Training Board was
assigned duty to carry out management for the implementation of
designated measures. The objectives of the University of
Development are as follows: |
- To be filled with Union spirit among national races while they are studying together at
the University amicably,
- To value and maintain the customs and traditions of national races,
- To imbue with strong desire to promote living standard of the national races,
- To promote leadership skill which is essential for the implementation of Development
programmes,
- To have strong interest and desire in research programmes for the success of
development programmes,
- To bring up educational employees with high morale and who are not dealing with party
politics,
- To make national spirit alive and dynamic giving first priority to our three main national
causes: Non-disintegration of the Union, Non-disintegration of national solidarity and
perpetuation of soverignty. Various implementation programmes must be carried out to
fulfil those objectives. Therefore Graduation courses are categorized as follows:
- M.Ed
- M-phil (Education)
- B.Ed
- 1 - year course for Middle School Teachers Training
- Regular 4 - year course for Primary School Teachers Training
- Special Course for
Primary School Teachers Training
|
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Altogether 72 stocks of national races had completed their
courses at the University for Development of National Races. The
motto of the University is "Unity is strength". The University
for Development of National Races is: |
- One and only University which is bringing up trainees for the development of all
national races residing in the Union of Myanmar.
- The University, giving priority to our three main national causes, which has been
bringing the good educational employees with high morale and free from party politics.
- The University which is training and nurturing the youths who are capable of joining
hands with the people for the implementation of all-round development.
- The Education University
conducting courses for Primary Teachers
Training, Middle School Teachers Training and
Education Graduation Courses.
|
|
In 2000-2001 Academic year, there are 270 members
of regular Primary School Teachers Training No. 33 Course, and
56 members of Middle School Teachers Training Course. The
Special Primary School Teachers Training Courses were trained
due to immediate requirement for the development of border
areas. At present, there are 33 members of B.Ed degree holders,
8 members of M.Ed degree holders, 6 members of M-phil
(Education) and one student of M.A (English) in Institute of
Foreign Languages and who are working at the University have
been conferred their degrees respectively. |
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ARMED GROUPS RETURNED TO THE LEGAL FOLD
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At the time of the State Peace and
Development Council, as the achievement of national
reconsolidation, various armed groups have exchanged arms for
peace to join hands with the people and Tatmadaw for the
implementation of regional development programmes. Armed groups
who have exchanged arms for peace are as follows. |
| 1 |
MNDA : |
Myanmar National Democracy Alliance
led by U Phone Kya Shin |
(31.3.89) |
| 2 |
MNSP : |
Myanmar National Solidarity Party
led by U Kyauk Nyi Laing |
(9.5.89) |
| 3 |
NDAA : |
National Democracy Alliance Army Military
and Local Administrative Committee of Eastern Shan State
led by U Sai Lin |
(30.6.89) |
| 4 |
SSA : |
Shan State Army
led by U Hse Htin |
(24.9.89) |
| 5 |
NDA : |
New Democratic Army (Kachin)
led by U Za Khun Ting Ring |
(15.12.89) |
| 6 |
KDA : |
Kachin Defence Army
led by U Mahtu Naw |
(11.1.91) |
| 7 |
PNO : |
Pa-O National Organization
led by U Aung Hkan Hti |
(18.2.91) |
| 8 |
PSLP : |
Palaung State Liberation Party
led by U Aik Mon |
(21.4.91) |
| 9 |
KNDG : |
Kayan National Defence Guards
led by U Gabriel Byan |
(27.2.92) |
| 10 |
KIA : |
Kachin Independence Army
led by U Zaw Hmaing |
(14.2.92) |
| 11 |
KNPLF : |
Kayinni National People's Liberation Front
led by U Tun Kyaw |
(9.5.94) |
| 12 |
KPP : |
Kayan Pyithit Party |
(26.7.94) |
| 13 |
SSNPLO: |
Shan State National People's Liberation Organization |
(9.10.94) |
| 14 |
KNPP : |
Kayinni National Progressive Party |
(21.3.95) |
| 15 |
NMSP : |
New Mon State Partyled by Nai Shwe Kyin |
(29.6.95) |
| 16 |
MTA : |
Mon Tai Army
led by U Khun Sa |
(5.1.96) |
| 17 |
BCP : |
Burma Communist Party
led by U Saw Tun Oo |
(4.6.97) |
| 18 |
A group of KNU followers led by U Saw
Tha Mu He |
(24.2.97) |
| 19 |
A group of KNU followers led by U Saw Phe
Re Mo |
(11.8.97) |
| 20 |
A group of KNU followers led by U
Pado Aung San |
(17.4.98) |
|
|
MEMBERS OF MTA LED BY U KHUN SA RETURNED TO THE LEGAL FOLD
|
|
Members of armed group, realizing the true
cetana of the State Peace and Development Council and noticing
the endeavours for national reconsolidation, prevalence of Law
and order, and maintenance of peace and tranquillity in the
nation, have been returning to the legal fold renouncing their
armed policy. |
|
Members of MTA led by U Khun Sa returned to
the legal fold, bringing along them arms and ammunition, in
Eastern, Southern and Nothern Shan State after witnessing with
their own eyes the implementation measures of the development
programmes undertaking hand in hand with the people and the
Tatmadaw, and realizing true sincerity and attitude of the
State. |
|
Members of U Khun Sa group had been
continuously returning to the legal fold since 5 January 1996 in
Homein, Lwelang, Lwehtun, Monghtaw, Monghtal, Wansin and Naung
Hlaing regions in Eastern, Northern and Southern Shan State. |
